[Book Reflections] George Washington's Secret Six
George Washington's Secret Six
The Spy Ring That Saved the American Revolution
By: Brian Kilmeade & Don Yeager
It is in this spirit that over the past few years, I've been adding books on history and international development to complement my other "go to" genres.
Most recently I read, George Washington's Secret Six - The Spy Ring That Saved the American Revolution. These spies, unknown to many of us today and little taught in our history books had a profound impact on the war. It's an good, easy read that is well worth the time and one that helps remind us of some of the key details of the war while bringing to light many aspects that I had never heard before.
What stood out to me most though, was not facts or details of the revolutionary war. Rather, I was struck by the heroism and bravery of ordinary people. The majority of the "Culper Ring" as it was called were not soldiers, they were not enlisted in the army. They were ordinary people who had their lives interrupted by war. They chose, at great personal risk and sacrifice, to yield their lives and desires to a greater cause. They spied on and moved information through the heart of the British army. They suffered loss of friends and reputation, health, financially, and even death, for a cause they deeply believe in.
From a leadership perspective a couple of key things are worth taking note of.
- First, do we know our "why"? Do we have a deep belief in the reason we are leading in the goal we are leaning towards. It it does not have to be as grand or noble as the birth of a new country but it should have intrinsic meaning to us.
- Second, are we willing to sacrifice in order to lead well. Not sacrifice in the sense of our family or principles. Rather, sacrifice in the sense of giving of our time, ourselves, our energy and our heart to those around us. Are we willing to give our best even on the days when we would rather be anywhere else. Not because We get something out of it but because our people and our cars deserve and demand it.
- Finally, are we willing to do all of this even if we are not recognized or rewarded for it, simply because we believe it to be right and true. [Note: it took more than a hundred years to figure out the identify of one member of the ring and "agent 355" has still never been identified, though she lost her life to the cause]
The question that challenges me is, am I really willing to press in, to lead well, to give so much of myself for my team, my organization, that just maybe, great good can result…even if history forgets me and my name vanishes with the passing of time. Are you?
[Book Reflections] Atomic Habits
Atomic Habits
An Easy and Proven Way to Build Good Habits and Break Bad Ones
By: James Clear
It starts with our perspective. Often, we start with the outcome we are looking for, "I want to lose 30 pounds" or "I want to run a marathon." Our focus is on the end goal. James, challenges us to change our thinking. Instead of locking in on the goal and making our success and happiness a pass/fail based on our ability to reach the goal, ask "what does a person successful in that area do?" Change the perspective "I want to run a marathon" to "I want to be a runner" and set up (micro) habits to regularly run, start easy and grow until you are in the regular practice of running. Instead of "I want to lose 30 pounds," change your view to "I want to be a healthy person" and set up little habits to move you in that direction.
But it's not just perspective. The science shows that there is a psychological progression that takes place between desire, action and response. James' version has four steps, "cue, craving, response, reward."
Cue - This is when something activates our brain towards a desired end.
Craving - The desire or gap in our brain that we are trying to fulfill.
Response - The action we take to fulfill the desire.
Reward - The prize we get or give ourselves resulting from responding to the craving.
To achieve our desired identity ("say I am a runner"), and navigate the steps in a way that creates the desired habit, I need to....
Make it obvious - I can set out my running shoes by bed so that I see them when I wake up, thus triggering the desire to be a runner.
Make it attractive - Instead of running someplace boring and routine, find a special place the excites you. If you want to read more, find a comfortable place that stirs you. The environment matters, take time to think through how you can leverage your emotions as they connect to where and how to perform your habit.
Make it easy - It doing my new habit takes a lot of work, I'm not going to do it for long. If it takes forever to find my running gear, it will seem like more work than it's worth. Build another habit of laying of the gear so that when I get home from work, it's easy to go.
Make it satisfying - It's amazing how easy we are to satisfy. In it's most simple for, I can set up a calendar for days I've run and put a big X when I'm done. Or if I want to right a book, I could set out 200 paper clips and each time I complete a page, drop one into a jar. The psychological wins are huge as they reinforce the habit in our brains.
Make it obvious - I can set out my running shoes by bed so that I see them when I wake up, thus triggering the desire to be a runner.
Make it attractive - Instead of running someplace boring and routine, find a special place the excites you. If you want to read more, find a comfortable place that stirs you. The environment matters, take time to think through how you can leverage your emotions as they connect to where and how to perform your habit.
Make it easy - It doing my new habit takes a lot of work, I'm not going to do it for long. If it takes forever to find my running gear, it will seem like more work than it's worth. Build another habit of laying of the gear so that when I get home from work, it's easy to go.
Make it satisfying - It's amazing how easy we are to satisfy. In it's most simple for, I can set up a calendar for days I've run and put a big X when I'm done. Or if I want to right a book, I could set out 200 paper clips and each time I complete a page, drop one into a jar. The psychological wins are huge as they reinforce the habit in our brains.
Likewise, if I want to kill a habit -- say watching t.v. in bed, I need to make it not obvious (remove all electronics from my bedroom); make it not attractive (only watch on an old t.v. or get rid of Netflix); make it hard (store the old t.v. in a closet in the basement); make it not satisfying (contribute $5 to the 'other' political party when I perform this habit).
James lists other tips and tricks that are helpful. Things like "habit stacking," which is when you connect a new habit to an existing habit. Let's say that I want to build a time of reflection each morning. I can stack this on my already (very ingrained) habit of getting my first cup of coffee. I could set my book by the coffee pot (obvious, easy). Another tip is to set a time and location agreement with myself (called an "implementation intention"): I will [behavior] at [time] in [location]. Ultimately, habits are less about self-control and more about setting up our environments in ways that are conducive to success; we want to make doing the right things easy and the wrong things hard.
Application: I am a Leader
My leadership coach challenged me to see my leadership development journey through the lens of this book. Here's how that plays out.Ultimate Goal: Be an amazing leader that attracts great talent, develops and inspires each person on the team and together achieve amazing results and impact for our organization.
Challenges: Showing up consistently with courage, confidence, and skills to inspire, cast vision, develop and execute against plans.
Atomic Habits: Start with identity. "A healthy leader...." takes time to reflect on their leadership and learn from day to day experiences, regularly engages with each person on their team personally and professionally, helps each person know what is expected of them and how they are doing, supports and encourages providing opportunities for growth, protects them when necessary and shows up consistently, regardless of busyness or stress.
- Habit: Regular reflection. Build a habit to regularly reflect on leadership for growth and encouragement. Note current situations, how I think I should and how I did respond and what I've learned.
- Habit Stacking: Each day I have a regular time of scripture reading and meditation.
- Make it Obvious: Place the journal app next to the Bible app on my iPad so that I see it.
- Make it Attractive: I always have my first cup of coffee and my spot is right next to the fireplace.
- Make it Easy: I'm already there, I simply need to carve out the time.
- Make it Satisfying: I have a "task" in Outlook that I get to check when I complete.
What is your desired goal? What do people successful with that do? How can you connect it to something you already do to make it obvious, attractive, easy and satisfying?
Book Summary - Poor Economics (Part II - Institutions)
Poor Economics
A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty
By: Abhijit V. Banerjee & Esther Duflo
[Note - This is part two of this book review, please also be sure to read Part I - Private Lives here]
Summary - Most of us have views on the causes and solutions to poverty. These views, on the cause side, often range from laziness and poor life choices to government oppression and lack of opportunities. As for solutions, many see progress lying in the hands of large government programs that break poverty traps or in setting up better capitalistic mechanisms to increase opportunities and demand for services and labor. Finally, many are apathetic and don't believe and real solutions are possible. In Poor Economics, the authors take a data informed perspective to see what the research says about these issues and how people actually respond to various programs and interventions offered to them.
PART 2 - INSTITUTIONS
Chapter 6 - Barefoot Hedge-Fund Managers
"Risk is a central fact of life for the poor." They face significant amounts of risk as a regular part of life. What strategies do they employ to mitigate their risk? What interventions can we employ to support their efforts?
There are many hazards of being poor and very little margin when bad breaks occur. A high fraction of the poor run small businesses or farms, what happens in years and seasons of drought? What happens for day laborers when they are not able to find permanent work? What happens when sickness or disease interrupts the ability to work? One bad break can have permanent consequences. Interestingly, there may be psychological forces at work as well. Facing risk makes us worry and stressed which leads to depression which decreased focus and production.
Many of the world's poor act like hedge-fund managers (though obviously not with financial instruments) trying to diversify risk in their lives. They often partake in multiple occupations; if one is not producing, they can shift to another (though, this is typically less efficient). If they own farm plots they will hold multiple plots in different parts of the village; if blight or infestation occur in one area, perhaps another will be spared. Another strategy employed is a very conservative approach to risk management in their business(es). Even if they believe another technology or approach to have more potential return, they may avoid it simply because of the initial cost or potential risk in the venture. Families will tend to marry their daughters other villages close to them to maintain relationships but also provide opportunity for different weather patterns.
Another strategy that has benefits is a concept of social insurance. It's the idea of villagers helping each other out. If one family is having a bad time, other villagers support them, being very mindful that the next time it could be them. The research shows that this approach does have some value, though typically limited. Communities often help when a bad harvest hits, or the loss of a job, but typically when a health-shock occurs, a family is left to deal with it themselves. A key limiter in this approach is trust. What if you slack off? What if you don't return the help?
What about formal insurance? Hundreds of millions have been invested in an attempt to develop insurance options for the poor, but there are significant challenges. Regulation is difficult (kickbacks, fraud, overuse, etc.) Another is adverse selection and the challenge of getting stuck with the high-risk types. But, perhaps there are certain types of insurance that could mitigate some of these issues: weather insurance, catastrophic health events (though selection would still be an issue), etc. Yet the reality is that a lot of those who are poor simply don't want insurance and the demand is low? Why?
There are numerous reasons why there is low demand for insurance. Sometimes governments step in (or there is a perception that they will), or that the poor don't understand insurance products (evidence suggests they do), perhaps credibility in and trust for the insurer. Certainly the challenge of time plays into it, the idea of giving you money today in case I need it in the future when I really need it now is a significant factor. The authors' conclusion is that governments should step in, paying part of the premium for the poor and there is evidence that this can and has worked.
Chapter 7 - The Men from Kabul and the Eunuchs of India: The (Not so) Simple Economics of Lending to the Poor
Like anyone, the poor need access to loans and capital. The questions are: how do many obtain loans today, what are the opportunities and what are the challenges? Because banks are typically unwilling to engage with the poor, moneylenders fill the demand. The challenge is that they typically charge very steep levels of interest that exploit the poor and create traps for them.
Banks typically are not interested because the margins and returns simply do not justify their investment. The amount of work required for loans of $5-$100 simply don't make sense for them. Loans are based on trust and the likelihood that a loan will be repaid. In mature markets, significant amounts of information is available on those seeking loans (credit scores, financial portfolios, etc.). For the poor, this is not the case. Part of the reason moneylenders charge such high interest is because they are collecting personal data based on relationships and knowledge of neighborhoods and individuals and taking the higher risk of default.
In the mid-1970's the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh developed the concept of micro-credit which today reaches roughly 150 to 200 million borrowers. Today, there are many MFIs (micro-finance institutions). Trust and information are still key components, but they take a unique approach. The typical MFI contract involves loans to a group of borrowers who are liable for each other's loans and hence have a reason to try to make sure that the others repay. Many often meet on a regular basis in small groups to collect payments, share ideas and encourage one another. In this, the power of community and shame plays a strong motivational role. So does it work? Yes, evidence suggests that it does help, though is not a "silver bullet" to radical transformation as some hope or suggest. It is helpful for entrepreneurs and in some other situations but not all, so it is "one of they key instruments in the fight against poverty." Yet, the demand isn't as high as one might envision, why? Several hypothesis are offered: perhaps some are reluctant to join groups with others they don't know well, this requires trust; perhaps the conservative nature of the groups is not appealing to those that want to take greater risks; perhaps the structure of weekly repayments starting immediately does not work for those who need more time to nurture their investments into returns. Their is also a void between very small ventures (MFI) and large ventures (banks or large investors). While micro-investing has served many well, there is still the opportunity for further development and growth of these instruments; from accepting greater levels of risk to supporting larger projects and businesses.
Chapter 8 - Saving Brick by Brick
The sight of unfinished homes is very common in developing communities around the world? Why is this? The answer is relatively simple, this is how many save. When they have small amounts of resources, they "save" them by buying bricks to build their future home.
An important, almost side note, is that many of the classical, Victorian perceptions of the poor simply are not valid. For example, they viewed the poor as impatient and unable to think far ahead, which an innate inclination towards shortsighted behavior, as carefree or simply incompetent. The reality is that these perceptions are false.
Although very few poor have access or make use of savings accounts (again banks are reluctant due to the administrative costs vs. returns), they find many ingenious was to save. An example is forming savings "clubs" with other savers where they meet regularly, each deposit a set amount and then on a rotating basis, one member gets the entire amount. Others are known to hide money for small emergencies. Others, as noted, "save" by slowly building homes.
So would the poor utilize banks if they had access? Initial studies showed low utilization rates because a) high costs to start the accounts b) high costs to withdraw funds c) the expense/inconvenience to go to banks and access funds. Kenya has mitigated some of these challenges through a program called M-Pesa where phones are used to store and transfer funds. You purchase credits at a local vendor and then store, collect, or send them via cell phones.
Yet, even with greater access and lower costs to banking would and do the poor utilize them? It is noted that human psychology is a real challenge. The human brain processes the present and the future very differently. We seem to have a vision of how we should act in the future that is often inconsistent with the way we act today and actually will act in the future. We hope that our future self will be more patient than our present self and don't account for future wants and needs. Those that realize this, often find inventive ways to protect their current selves from themselves. Yet for most, the viscous cycle remains, goals tend to be very far away, they know there will be lots of temptations along the way and therefore struggle to save. Saving is a discipline and a challenging muscle to develop. How can we give incentive to the poor to develop this muscle? No clear answers were provided.
Chapter 9 - Reluctant Entrepreneurs
Are we all entrepreneurs? The micro-finance and "social business" movement starts from the premise that the poor are natural-born entrepreneurs. We can eradicate poverty by giving them the right environment and a little bit of help to get started. Is this true? and to what extent?
BRAC, a large MFI in Bangladesh tested these ideas. They ran RCT (random control trials) with the "poorest of the poor", those that even traditional MFIs would exclude and had control groups with no interventions. "The difference is impressive," compared to the control groups, total monthly spending is up 10% and "outlook on life seems to have changed." Given the chance, it seems that even people who have been hit by extreme hardship were able to take chair of their lives and start their exit out of extreme poverty.
But there are challenges, namely that these businesses are tiny and, for the most part, making very little money. In their 18 country data set, the average monthly profit was $115 USD PPP. Marginal returns are high (% return on investment) while overall returns (total profit) are low. Such is the paradox, these people are energetic and resourceful and make a lot out of very little. The challenge is that their returns are very small, their businesses are undifferentiated from those around them and they have no chance to earn a reasonable living.
Why is this? Is it simply a lack of capital or are there other factors? It seems there are a number of other factors. One of them is the actual potential of the business, for many, growth potential tapers off very quickly due to saturated markets, limited opportunities for economies of scale and efficiencies, etc. As noted previously, MFIs are not structure to scale and incentivize low risk and management skills are necessary for scaling. Bottom line, scaling is simply too hard and that the average business owner is not a natural "entrepreneur" in our traditional sense. Certainly there are some, but there is not necessarily a disproportionate percentage simply due to situation and environment. Many are small business owners simply because they have limited options, whether they actually enjoy running the business or not.
So if there are not millions of natural entrepreneurs that we need to invest in, what are the hopes and dreams of the poor? It consistently turns out that it is stable jobs (ideally government jobs). There is a desire for stability and stability seems to have significant impacts. For example, one study in Mexico showed that children from mothers with stable jobs (even in factories with poor conditions and low wages, but stable) were significantly taller than those without such opportunities. Moreover, even though the income difference wasn't that great, it appears that the sense of stability had other very positive effects.
Not surprisingly, stable jobs are most prevalent in large cities but what may be surprising is that permanent migration is fairly rare? Why? Living conditions are poor in urban areas and therefore men (typically) will go and work for a few weeks at a time and return but this type of work is not stable enough to help families get over the hump. To solve these types of challenges raise the issues to a political and policy level, the focus of the next chapter.
Chapter 10 - Policies, Politics
Even the most well-intended and well-thought-out policies may not have an impact if they are not implemented properly. We are all well aware of the failings of governments; so what do you do? Some would argue that you focus not on the policies themselves but the political process, solve that then work on policies, otherwise you are wasting energy and effort. Others would argue a more indirect route of largely by-passing governments and providing more aide directly to the poor with targeted aims.
Corruption and dereliction of duty create massive inefficiencies. Often, these bad institutions have incentives for their leaders to keep them "bad" for personal gain. While not impossible to break, the challenges are real and large. Can you work from the outside in? Could you co-opt cities within a country (e.g. Hong Kong) and develop healthy policies and practices and multiply these efforts until you hit a tipping point? Doubtful, but interesting nonetheless.
Ultimately, the chapter runs long on ideas and hypothesis but very little evidence or data.
Book Summary - Poor Economics (Part I - Private Lives)
Poor Economics
A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty
By: Abhijit V. Banerjee & Esther Duflo
Chapter 1 - Think Again, Again.
The book starts with a jarring statement, "every year, 9 million children die before their fifth birthday." When confronted with this, how do we respond? The research says that when we make the problem personal, when we put a face and a name on it, people respond with greater generosity. The challenge is that when we face problems of poverty we often think at a macro-level, like Jeffrey Sachs who states, "Poor countries are poor because they are hot, infertile, malaria infested...[which] makes it hard for them to be productive without an initial large investment." On the other side of the spectrum, William Easterly in his book Dead Aid argues that aid does more bad than good: It prevents people from searching for their own solutions, while corrupting and undermining local institutions. When markets are free and the incentives are right, people can find ways to solve their own problems. Yet, as the authors of Poor Economics argue, these debates simply obscure what really matters, not so much where the money comes from, but where it goes. What evidence is there for what interventions are really working and why?
A key concept is that of a "poverty trap." Are the conditions such that individuals, communities and nations are "trapped" in poverty? To determine, the authors state that there will be a poverty trap when the scope for growing income or wealth at a very fast rate is limited for those who have too little to invest, but expands dramatically for those who can invest a bit more. On the other hand, if the potential for fast growth is high among the poor and then tapers off as one gets richer, there is no poverty trap.
PART 1 - PRIVATE LIVES
Chapter 2 - A Billion Hungry People?
For many in the West, poverty is almost synonymous with hunger. As a result, much of our aid and focus has been on ensuring that each person get enough calories each day. From a poverty trap perspective, the thinking is that if a person is not able to get enough calories, they can not work sufficiently and their income is diminished. Give them enough calories and you break the trap.
However, the evidence doesn't follow the logic. "Most people living with less that 99 cents a day do not seem to act as if they are starving." If they were, they would invest more of their income into buying more calories. The research shows that when these families receive extra money, food spending does not increase disproportionately; remarkably, it increases at similar levels with even the rich around the world. Moreover, the increase in spending isn't for more calories it is for better-tasting, more expensive, calories.
So, if we assume that people know what they are doing, and we should, it is fair to conclude that there is not a poverty trap resulting from lack of food. In fact, the authors state that in terms of food availability, "today we live in a world that is capable of feeding every person that lives on the planet" with at least 2,700 calories per day. Starvation exists not because of a lack of food but a distribution of food and how it is shared around the world.
The learning is that a) there are sufficient, cheap, calories for most all. b) more calories do not translate, generally, to higher earnings and c) that people place higher value on other things than food (e.g. things that make life less boring; festivals, t.v., sugar, etc.) Nutrition, is certainly an issue and getting "the right" calories, but not simply starvation in and of itself. This is where our focus should be, helping educate on healthy eating and providing more nutrient-rich, cheap, food options.
Chapter 3 - Low-Hanging Fruit for Better (Global) Health?
"Health is an area of great promise but also great frustration." Why do the poor not make more use of preventative technologies and options? Is it a lack of knowledge or a lack of access or lack of resources? Some of the answers are surprising.
Of those 9 million children each year who die before their fifth birthday many are due to preventable/treatable things, such as diarrhea. Breast-feeding is free, yet less than 40 percent of infants are breast fed exclusively for their first six months. Demand is low for malaria nets. Even though bleach and chlorine are cheap, few families use them. Yet, these tools are not used very much. Why?
The reality is that the poor actually spend a considerable amount on healthcare. The issue isn't how much is spent, but on what. Many countries offer free public health, yet these centers are often shunned or little used by the poor who choose more expensive options. What the research shows is that the attendants of free clinics are often sporadic (with high absentee rates) in their hours, making it hard to know if they will be available, make significant errors in diagnosis (also noted as being an issue for private clinics as well) and spend on average only a few minutes with patients. Perhaps people avoid public health simply because it doesn't work well.
But again, why not chose free/cheap preventative options? Could it be the psychology of "free" where things are judged to be of little value simply because they don't cost a lot? No, the evidence does not suggest this is the case.
Knowledge, beliefs and mindset do seem to play a strong factor, as well as, a concept of time. We are wired to trust what we see, believe and know. When you prescribe something and I feel better (whether I would have naturally or not), I believe your intervention was helpful. When you tell me to do something so that I won't get sick in the future, it is more difficult to believe because I don't have evidence that your truth "worked" - I may not have gotten sick anyway. The poor are not different from us in this regard, most of us have great intentions and think we'll make better choices in the future, the reality is when that future comes, we often aren't much different than we are today and other things seem more pressing or enjoyable.
The issue then becomes providing proper incentives to help people make healthy decisions (immunizations, etc.) that they might otherwise not make, while not being manipulative. What we know is that "nudges" towards health won't override our strongly held beliefs, but that can move us when our beliefs are soft or we need motivation. The key is finding and employing the right nudges in the right places to help move people towards health.
Chapter 4 - Top of the Class
Education. Why are children not attending school more and staying in school longer? Surely all parents understand that value of education? Are their simply not enough schools? Do poverty traps (sickness, need to work) prevent children from attending?
The data shows that schools are available. "In most countries, they are free, at least at the primary level. Most children are enrolled. And yet...child absentee rates vary between 14 and 50 percent." Much of this "probably" reflects children's unwillingness to be in school and parents inability/willingness to make them go.
The assumption is that if we could simply get children in schools learning would take place. Sadly, this is not quite the case. Teacher absentee rates are significant. When they are in school, they are not always in the classroom. One study found that "50 percent of teachers in Indian public schools are not in front of a class at the time they should be"
Similar to the issues with healthcare, we need to look at incentives. Mexico instituted a program called PROGRESA, a conditional cash transfer scheme for families if their children regularly attended school and the family sought preventative health care. The study concluded that it did "substantially" increase school enrollment, particularly at the secondary level. Another study found that the "conditions" weren't necessarily the driving force, it was the additional financial help these families needed.
Another program that had substantial impact is Pratham. Here, a set of volunteers from the community (often college students) hold evening classes in their neighborhoods with children. These volunteers are not compensated but do receive a weeks worth of training.
One fascinating characteristic is that many families see education as "a lottery ticket" vs. a safe investment. The thinking is to pick one child with the most "potential" and invest significantly in that child in the hopes that they will obtain a good job and support the parents as they age. This selection process also has a negative affect on the other children in the family not selected as they can believe they are not as smart and make less effort towards education.
Additionally, in many countries caste or socio-economic beliefs are a factor. Many cultures believe that poorer children have lower natural intellectual abilities and thus lower their expectations and investment in those children. Evidence is clear that this is not the case, yet many cultures persist in this and as a result we experience a huge waste of talent.
The solution? Believe each child is capable of learning basic skills and commit to helping each child master them. Leverage community volunteers to help children master those skills. Re-organize curriculum and classrooms to allow children to learn at their pace and stage (vs. age). Help educate parents on income gains from education and provide them more information on each child's progress. Leverage technology and use necessary incentives (nudges) to keep children in school and progressing.
Chapter 5 - Pak Sudarno's Big Family
Family size and planning. Debate has raged for decades on the issues of population growth and control; different countries have taken drastically different measures. In the mid 1970's India conducted over 8.6 million sterilizations. For much of human history "regions or countries that had more people" grew faster than the rest. Yet today, countries "with higher fertility rates are poorer" (though this doesn't tell us they are poorer because they are poor). The question for us is "are large families poorer because they are large? Are they less able to invest in the education and health of their children?
The data: no real evidence that children born in smaller families are really more educated. Yet this seems counter-intuitive. If families must spread their investment, why do we not see the impact? Perhaps the this is because the mother gives more of her "resources" (thinking, if it is a zero-sum game, mom becomes the bigger loser).
How do families in poverty make fertility decisions? How much control do women have in the decision-making process? Do they have access to modern contraception methods? What about teenage sex, education and abstinence?
Data: The poor do have access to contraceptives, but use them less than the rich. Studies in Kenya suggest that adolescents (there) are making calculated, if not fully informed, choices about whom to have sex with and under what conditions. ABC (Abstain, Be faithful, use a Condom) education did not show impact on pregnancy rates using RCT methods. One strategy that did have an impact was informing teenage girls that older men are more likely to be infected with HIV. In general, the findings suggest that if women get pregnant, it reflects someones active decision.
So what factors play into the decision? Culture? Idea of children as financial investments? For many parents, children are their economic future; an insurance policy. The idea is that children (or extended family) will take care of parents as they age (sadly this also impacts gender selection). Interestingly, when family sizes drop, savings rates tend to increase.
[The chapter then meanders a bit but concludes...] "The most effective population policy might therefore be to make it unncessary to have so many children (in particular, so many male children). Effective social safety nets...could lead to a substantial reduction in fertility and perhaps also less discrimination against girls."
The Power of "And"
"Tom, you've had a great quarter, you're really making progress in meeting our sales goals....but...your reports are often late."
Tom walks out dejected. He’s been killing it and built a loyal customer base. He can’t understand why it’s not enough for his boss, Mike. Six months ago he took a position at the new company eager to make an impact. He feels like he’s found his niche. But now he’s not so sure.
As Tom walks out of the office, Mike senses something is off. He loves having Tom on the team; he’s incredibly gifted and is improving their overall performance. Sure, he’d like for him to improve his reporting timeliness, but it’s not a huge deal to him.
Have you ever noticed how sometimes a single word can change an entire conversation?
Recently I was discussing the Christmas holiday with a colleague. He began sharing about his parents who are aging, and it felt like that classic set-up was coming - the one that starts with something nice; then a "but" is inserted to share what's really going on.
“I love spending time with them, we had a great time together during the holidays…..
So when he paused and slightly rocked his head back, I fully expected to hear "but...."; yet, that's not what he said. He chose a different word. A word that made a world of difference. He was able to share his heart, while still honoring those he was talking about "and."
And, I’m trying to decide if I should engage them about their future,” he said.
He clearly loves his parents. He loved spending time with them. Instead of negating that, he built upon it.
Suppose you tell your kids how much you love and appreciate them, but... wish they'd pick up after themselves more. For the child, and any hearer, using "but" completely invalidates the prior positive. All that's heard is, "I'm not happy with you, try harder."
The power of "and."
"Tom, you've had a great quarter, and you're really making great progress in meeting our sales goals....and... I'd love for you to take the next step next by improving the timeliness of your reports."
Tom walks away elated and encouraged to challenge himself to the next level.
The power of "and."
[Book Reflections] 41 - A Portrait of My Father
George H.W. Bush has lived a truly remarkable life. He is the son of a Senator, a WWII hero, and business man; and was a diplomat, CIA Director, Vice President and President. Yet, he once remarked that his favorite titles were husband, father, and granddad.
As I read his life story, 41: A Portrait of My Father (penned by his son, George W. Bush), I used a different title. One that is not easily earned, but rightly deserved: Leader. George Bush is a leader.
Leadership is:
Discipleship - One of the remarkable traits that jumps off the pages is Bush's heart towards others - his life has been intentional to pour into other lives, both great and small. The proof is his sons, two of which have followed him into public service, and one of them following him to the Oval Office.
Character - You can't read 41 without feeling the deeply held, and acted upon, moral beliefs of George Bush. He often acted out of principle, as opposed to feeling or desire. There were times when his loyalty and reluctance to "go negative" hurt him politically, but they defined him as a leader.
Humility - One of the most difficult traits of leadership is humility, but George Bush modeled it. He was quick to reflect praise, to poke fun at himself and to share credit with others. A great example is when he invited Saturday Night Live's Dana Carvey to the White House to cheer up the staff (after his re-election defeat in 1992) by impersonating him.
Courage - Perhaps one of the most touching aspects of Bush's life is his courage. You can't read the book and not want to push further, to take more risk, to stand when the world says sit. He didn't accept the silver spoon offered to him on Wall Street as a young war hero, son of a Senator and recent Yale grad. Instead he ventured out to West Texas to stake his own claim. Multiple times he committed political suicide by following his principles or remaining loyal to a fault. Yet, he found a way and the courage to stand up again when everyone and everything said it couldn't be done.
Love - I was struck by the love expressed by W. towards his father and the innumerable times he described his father's love towards others. What type of man has such a devoted family? What type of leader is able to build deep, lasting friendship with his opposition (for example, Bill Clinton considers him a father figure in his life)? What type of man writes thousands of notes to his family and others to express care for them? A man of love. George H.W. Bush.
Responsibility - He didn't always get it right. He made mistakes. But, he never shifted the blame - he took it straight on. Leadership is responsibility.
Spiritual - Bush understood that his decisions didn't only concern himself ,but had deep impact and lasting ramifications for those around him and the world. He didn't make decisions lightly but relied heavily upon his deep faith to guide him. He is a man of prayer and believed that he was accountable for his decisions.
More than anything, what struck me about this book was grace. We live in a politically charged and divided culture. Anger, hate, mistrust and antagonism rule. We retreat and build walls around ourselves within our like-minded groups and lob grenades on Facebook and Twitter. George H.W. Bush lived differently. He engaged and related with others, regardless of their beliefs or political bent. Some of his close and endearing friends are from very different walks of life and worldviews. Communist Presidents, political opponents, and media elite have a close affection and appreciation for him. Moreover, I can't remember a strong negative comment in the book about anyone. Grace like this is much needed in our world today.
If you are looking for a deep treatise on the political ideology of George H.W. Bush, or an expose' and tell-all book, it cannot be found here. It is a very easy read, a moving story of a great man by a loving son. It is a book that makes you want to be a better person, a book that walks you through history and challenges you to make some history of your own. But in the end, it is a book that touches your heart, reminding you that the two most important things in life are faith and family.
Read it; you'll be glad you did.
Leadership: Are you the problem? [Guest Post]
By: Tony Marciel
I recently had the opportunity to sit down with a local Chick fil-A owner/operator. He shared Chick fil-A's philosophy on leadership and serving guests. As you can imagine, I heard many nuggets of wisdom (no pun intended). Probably one of the most 'smack-me-in-the-face' comments I heard was (paraphrase):
"When things are going wrong in an organization, it's the leaders fault. Either he created it or is allowing it. Do not sanction incompetence."
I marvel at how this message is phenomenally simple and clear. To hear it come from a tangibly successful leader was a jarring realization that this type of thinking isn't academic; it is vital for a healthy organization. At the end of the day, the leader sets the tone and well-being of the team. Period. I love that purity.
Now for this to thinking to thrive, it requires that the leader sees, and recognizes, what's not going well in his/her organization. And that could be tricky. Is the leader engaged? Does the leader have blind spots? Has the leader surrounded himself/herself with 'yes' people? Does the leader have the emotional intelligence to 'sense' something is amiss?
I tend to think that if a leader is plugged in and actively measuring the health of their team and his/her staff then, yes, he/she is probably already ensuring the right adjustments are taking place. It's the leaders that aren't asking or taking a team's pulse that then allows dysfunction to fester.
So, what kind of leader are you?
Are you intentionally leaning into your entire team to check the temperature? Have you identified what's not working? Are you fixing it?
Or....are you the problem?
